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<p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; margin-top: 0">The party line is an HSM I guess, but PKCS11 is literally the worst, and I don't think there are any performant options in that space that don't cost a fortune. Amazon's is 30K each. And I can't see how a network hop to sign could be viable anyway, so I suspect this is geared to other use cases anyway.</p>
</blockquote> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">I have recently had the opportunity to work with the newer AWS CloudHSM offering. It's about half the price you mentioned ($1.60 per hour) so it still costs a lot and not something most organisations would be able to justify for a single application.</p> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">The Java PKCS11 bridge doesn't currently work with their PKCS11 implementation, but they have an API library you can extract PrivateKey objects from if you try very hard. One of their use cases is TLS so I reckon they think performance is fine. For me, it's about 2ms per signature for a 2048-bit key, around 7x that for a 4096-bit key.</p> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">So things are getting better but your basic assessment still stands, I think.</p> </td>
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